(book in preparation – May 2007)
Map Analysis: Understanding Spatial Patterns and Relationships
W.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences at the
Principal of
Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems
This book is a collection of selected works from of Joseph
K. Berry’s popular “Beyond Mapping” columns published in GeoWorld magazine from
1996 through 2006. In this compilation
While numerous books focus on Geographic Information Systems
(
___________________________
Note: the online links access http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/MapAnalysis/,
select Topic and Section as indicated
Table of Contents
Foreword (to be determined)
Preface
Sub-headings of Map Analysis, Intended Readership, Book Organization,
Case Study Data Sets, Companion CD, Book Website, and Acknowledgements
___________________________
Introduction — As
1 Early
…current online link T27, select “Early
GIS Technology and Its Expressions”
2
Contemporary
…current online link T27,
select “Contemporary
GIS and Future Directions”
Further Reading (companion
CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to the discussion of
GIS history and trends.
-
Companion Software — link to MapCalc Learner Quick-take
Review describing
system requirements, capabilities, analytical operations, statistical
operations, documentation, limitations and legacy.
-
Multimedia Mapping — four references describing how photos and streaming video can be
geographically referenced and used in multimedia applications.
-
Virtual Reality and GIS — four references describing the underlying concepts, procedures
and potential applications of linking GIS with virtual reality displays.
-
Software Design — four references discussing the evolution of GIS software and
basic concepts in object-oriented technology.
Hands-on Experience (companion
CD)
Exercise I.1 Examples of Analysis Capabilities — in this exercise you will access two short
video demos on MapCalc Basics and on Calculating Slope and Surface Flow. The first video demonstrates basic use including interactive 2D/3D plotting,
display types, display navigation, accessing maps for display and graphical
overlay. The second video illustrates some of the basic map analysis
capabilities.
Exercise I.2 Viewing Full Color Figures — this exercise demonstrates how to access the
full color versions of the B&W figures in the Map Analysis book. The figures are in standard PowerPoint files
by Topic for easy access and printing in a variety of formats.
Exercise I.3 Installing Companion Software — this exercise includes guidelines for
installing and testing the MapCalc Learner, Surfer Demo and SnagIt Evaluation
software included on the companion CD.
Exercise I.4 Software
Tutorials — this exercise describes how to access the
companion software standard tutorials.
The optional MapCalc and Surfer tutorials provide an overview of
procedures and capabilities of the software that are covered in greater detail
in the individual exercises for each of the Topics in this book. You are encouraged to complete the SnagIt
tutorial as general familiarity with this software is assumed in the
exercises.
___________________________
Topic 1.
Data Structure Implications —
3 Grids
and Lattices Build Visualizations (GW, July 2002) — describes
Lattice and Grid graphic forms for displaying continuous surface data.
…current online link T18,
select “Visualizing Grid-Based
Data”
4 Maps Are Numbers First, Pictures Later (GW, August 2002)
— discusses the
numeric and geographic characteristics of data values used in representing
discrete and continuous maps.
…current
online link T18, select “Maps
Are Numbers First, Pictures Later”
5 Normalize
Maps for Data Analysis (GW, September,2002) — describes map
normalization procedures and data exchange among grid-based software packages.
…current online link T18,
select “Framing Maps for Data
Analysis”
Further Reading (companion
CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to grid-based data
structure and display.
-
Comparing Paper and Digital Map Worlds — three references describing the conceptual
similarities/differences in data structure, resolution and referencing
-
Data Structure/Display Concepts — two references describing different
approaches to storing raster data and generating contour map displays.
-
Data Structure/Display Examples — five references providing annotated
examples of grid-based map data/display types, continuous/discrete data values
and data summary/display considerations.
Hands-on Experience (companion
CD)
Exercise 1.1 Interacting with Grid Maps — in
this exercise you will become familiar with the basic layout and procedures for
interacting with grid map displays.
Exercise 1.2 Grid-based
Thematic Mapping — this
exercise provides experience with the Shading Manager for setting contour
intervals of 2D contour map representations of continuous surface data.
Exercise 1.3 Map
Summary Statistics and Charts — this
exercise investigates various mechanisms for generating statistical summaries
and charts continuous map surfaces.
Exercise
1.4 Map Normalization — this
exercise demonstrates various techniques for normalizing mapped data.
___________________________
Topic 2.
Fundamental Map Analysis Approaches — Map Analysis
exploits the digital nature of modern maps to investigate the patterns and
relationships within and among mapped data.
This section uses a series of examples to introduce the concept of a
map-ematics and the similarities/differences in Spatial Analysis and Spatial
Statistics that form the two primary compartments of the map analysis toolbox.
6 Moving
Mapping to Analysis of Mapped Data (GW, December 2004) — describes Spatial
Analysis and Spatial Statistics as extensions to traditional mapping and
statistics.
…current online link T24
select “Moving Mapping to Analysis
of Mapped Data”
7 Bending Our Understanding of Distance
(GW, January, 2005) — uses effective distance to establish
an erosion setback to demonstrate the advanced nature of Spatial Analysis.
…current online link T24,
select “Bending Our Understanding of Distance”
8 Use Spatial Statistics to Map Abnormal
Averages (GW, February 2005) — discusses
surface modeling to demonstrate the advanced nature Spatial Statistics.
…current
online link T24, select “Beyond Mapping Abnormal Averages”
9 Making Space for Mapped Data
(GW, March 2005) — investigates
the link between Geographic Space and Data Space for mapping data distributions.
…current online link T24, select “Making Space for Mapped Data”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to the overview
discussion of Map Analysis capabilities and applications.
-
General Overview — one reference discussing the important
distinctions among discrete mapping, continuous map surfaces and map analysis.
-
General Application Examples — three references containing annotated
examples demonstrating important concepts in visualizing mapped data, comparing
discrete maps and modeling campground suitability.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 2.1
Viewing Base Maps — in
this exercise you will become familiar with the base maps used in the effective
proximity buffer model.
Exercise 2.2
Interacting with a Stored Script — this
exercise introduces the procedures for interacting with a stored script of
spatial analysis commands.
Exercise 2.3
Implementing a Script for Effective
Erosion Buffers — this spatial analysis
exercise evaluates step-by-step a model for generating a variable-width buffer
around streams respecting the erosion potential of the intervening terrain
(slope and surface flow).
Exercise 2.4
Investigating Customer Location —
this exercise investigates the base maps used in the customer density model.
Exercise 2.5
Characterizing Customer Density —
this spatial statistics exercise generates a customer density surface from
customer locations and identifies areas of high density as being more than one
standard deviation above the mean.
Exercise 2.6
Identifying Unusually High Customer Density — this
exercise isolates the areas of
statistically high customer density and identifies customer locations within
this unusual region.
___________________________
Topic 3.
Basic Techniques in Spatial Analysis — Spatial Analysis
investigates the geographic context of mapped data resulting from the relative
positioning and coincidence of the map values.
This section discusses the Reclassify and Overlay grouping of operators
that form the basic techniques used in most spatial models.
10 Use a Map-ematical Framework for
…current online link T22, select “A Map-ematical Framework for GIS Modeling”
11 Options
Seem Endless When Reclassifying Maps (GW, April 2004)
— discusses basic
map reclassify operations involving changing map values as a function of
initial value, position, contiguity, size, or shape of the spatial
configuration of the values on a single map layer.
…current online at T22, select “Reclassifying Maps”
12 Overlay Operations Feature a Variety of
Options (GW, May
2004) — discusses
basic map overlay operations involving changing map values as a function of the point-by-point or region-wide alignment
of the values associated with two or more existing map layers.
…current online
link T22, select “Overlaying Maps”
13 Computers Quickly Characterize Spatial
Coincidence
(GW, June 2004) — describes
the similarities and differences in how humans and computers characterize,
assess and summarize spatial
coincidence.
…current online at T22, select “Characterizing
Spatial Coincidence”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to the discussion of
grid-based Reclassify and Overlay operations.
-
Spatial Coincidence — two references describing a technique for handling
unique combinations of map layers and shadow maps of certainty can be used to
estimate error and its propagation.
-
Micro-Terrain Analysis — one reference describing the
application of spatial analysis and surface modeling in decision-making
contexts.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 3.1 Spatial Analysis Operations — in this exercise
you will be introduced to the basic classes of map analysis operations and how to
access them when creating spatial models.
Exercise 3.2 Reclassifying Map Features — this exercise
demonstrates the most basic class of map analysis operations within a logical
processing sequence.
Exercise
3.3 Characterizing Map Coincidence — this
exercise identifies several ways to represent and statistically summarize the
spatial coincidence between two discrete maps.
Exercise 3.4 Calculating Change — this exercise identifies the
grid math procedures for generating a map depicting the amount of change in a
continuous map variable between two periods.
Exercise
3.5 Summarizing Map Regions — this exercise
demonstrates the procedure for determining the average condition of one map
variable (Slope) occurring within the regions identified on another map
(Districts).
Exercise
3.6 Evaluating a Simple Habitat Model — this
exercise uses a stored script to demonstrate the derivation of a Binary, a
Ranking and a Rating Suitability Model of Hugag habitat considering slope,
aspect and elevation preferences.
___________________________
Topic 4.
Calculating
Effective Distance — Traditional “as the crow flies”
distance measured with a ruler is rarely an effective in establishing
separation between two points as the reality of intervening barriers play a
significant role that bends and twists actual movement. This section discusses the advanced Distance
grouping of operators and expands the concept of simple distance to effective
proximity considering relative and absolute barriers to movement.
14 Extending
…current online link T13, select “Creating Variable-Width
Buffers”
15 Create Effective Distance Buffers to
Improve Map Accuracy (GW, January 2001)
— develops
procedures for creating buffers that respond to the relative ease of
movement.
…current online link T13, select “Creating
Effective-Distance Buffers”
16 Measuring
Distance Is Neither Here nor There (GW, April 2005) — discusses
the basic concepts of distance and proximity used in generating simple
proximity surfaces.
…current online link T25, select “Neither Here nor There”
17 Extend Simple Proximity to Effective Movement
(GW, June 2005) — discusses
the basic concepts used in generating effective proximity surfaces supporting
that respond to relative and absolute barriers to movement.
…current online link T25, select “Extending
Simple Proximity to Effective Movement”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to calculating and
using effective proximity.
-
Calculating Simple and Effective Proximity — four references describing how
simple and effective proximity are calculated, as well as discussion about
advanced distance operations.
-
Deriving and Analyzing Travel-Time — five references on the use of
effective proximity for assessing travel-time using examples from customer
travel, hiking-time and connecting bus riders with their optimal stops.
-
Use of Travel-Time in Geo-Business — seven references on the use of
effective proximity for generating travel-time maps and procedures used in
analyzing travel-time advantage between competing stores, competition zones,
customer loyalty, as well as assessing in-store shopper movement patterns and
sales.
-
Micro-Terrain
Considerations and Techniques — three references describing
procedures for modeling surface flows to characterize erosion potential and
determining uphill proximity as a function of slope to identify valley bottoms.
-
Surface Flow
Considerations and Techniques — four references discussing basic
concepts, approaches and considerations in advanced surface flow modeling to
include path,
sheet, horizontal and fill flows in tracking flow time and quantity.
-
Proximity-based Application Examples — three references containing annotated
examples using effective proximity to model off-road emergency response, uphill
terrain steepness for landslide potential and micro-terrain flows and pooling
in an agricultural field.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 4.1 Calculating Simple Proximity — in
this exercise you will first create a map of the simple proximity to roads (as
the crow flies) then mask the result for just the areas on the island.
Exercise 4.2 Calculating Uphill Proximity — this
exercise describes generating proximity maps that respect a “guiding surface,”
such as identifying distances to only uphill locations.
Exercise 4.3 Calculating Effective Proximity — this
exercise demonstrates creating an effective proximity surface that respects
intervening slope conditions as impediments (relative and absolute barriers) to
movement off the road network.
Exercise 4.4 Simple Proximity Review — this
exercise recaps deriving simple proximity from a variety of “starting feature”
locations (Roads—lines, Water—polygons, Ranch—point).
Exercise 4.5 Effective Proximity Considering Intervening Conditions — this exercise describes a simple model for
assessing hiking time from the Ranch to all other locations considering
different intervening conditions (Roads and Covertype maps).
Exercise 4.6 Identifying Optimal Paths — this
exercise demonstrates generating the optimal path (best) for hiking between the
Ranch and the cabin based on the effective proximity map (Accumulation Surface)
derived in the previous exercise.
Exercise 4.7 Extending the Proximity Analysis — this
exercise extends the effective proximity analysis for hiking by including
considerations of relative steepness (slope) and aesthetics (visual connectivity
to water).
___________________________
Topic 5. Calculating Visual Exposure — Visual analysis is an extension of effective distance measurement that
considers line-of-sight connectivity among map locations. This section discusses the procedures,
considerations and applications of derived viewshed and visual exposure maps.
18 Line-of-Sight
Buffers Add Intelligence to Maps (GW, December 2000) — describes
procedures for creating line-of-sight buffers that track relative visual exposure
and noise levels.
…current online link T13, select “Creating Line-of-Sight
Buffers”
19 Identify and Use Visual Exposure to Create
Viewshed Maps (GW, June 2001) — discusses
basic considerations and procedures for establishing viewsheds and visual
exposure from point, line and polygonal features.
…current online link T15, select “Identifying
and Using Visual Exposure”
20 Visual
Exposure Is in the Eye of the Beholder (GW, July 2001) —investigates procedures for assessing simple and weighted visual
exposure.
…current online
link T15, select “There’s More That Meets
the Eye”
21 Use Exposure Maps and Fat Buttons to Assess
Visual Impact (GW,
August 2001) — describes
procedures for creating a simple model that determines the relative visual
impact of alternative power line routes on local residences.
…current online link T15, select “Assessing Visual Impact”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to viewshed and
visual exposure analysis.
-
Extended Visual Exposure Techniques — three references describing extended
techniques involving weighted visual exposure for assessing overall aesthetics
and visual vulnerability.
-
Visual Exposure Application Examples — two references containing annotated
examples using visual analysis in land planning and natural resource management
contexts.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 5.1
Calculating Viewsheds — in
this exercise you will first create a map of all the water locations (viewer
map) in the Tutor25 database and then generate a simple viewshed map that indicates
the visual connectivity to water— all locations are identified as either 0= not
seen or 1= seen from at least one water location.
Exercise 5.2
Calculating Visual Exposure — this exercise
demonstrates generating a visual exposure map to water indicating the number
water locations visually connected to each grid location in a project area— 0=
not seen with increasing values indicating higher visual exposure to water.
Exercise 5.3
Accounting for Screens — this
exercise extends the previous exercise to create another visual exposure map to
water that accounts for a screening forest canopy of 75 feet and then compares
the result to the “non-screened” solution to determine the differences in the
two approaches.
Exercise 5.4
Calculating Weighted Visual Exposure — this
exercise first calibrates Roads in terms of traffic flow and then creates a
weighted visual exposure map accounting for the relative amount of traffic on
different road types— 0= not seen from any road location with increasing values
indicating higher weighted visual exposure to traffic flows.
Exercise 5.5
Modeling Visual Exposure Impacts — this exercise
creates and classifies visual exposure maps for relative connectivity to roads
and houses (Low, Medium, High) and then combines the two classified maps into a
single map that characterizes the joint visual exposure for each map location
using a 2-digit code— a location with a value of 11 indicates 1= Low housing
exposure and 1= Low roads exposure; a value of 12= Low/Medium, … to a value of
33= High/High.
Exercise 5.6
Extending Visual Analysis to Other Areas — this
exercise creates a visual exposure map to roads and graphically overlays it on
the Elevation surface for the
___________________________
Topic 6.
Summarizing Neighbors — Values surrounding a location can
be used to investigate localized variation, anomalies, and trends in mapped
data. This section discusses the
advanced Neighbors grouping of operators that characterize map values occurring
within a roving window centered at a location by either the surface
configuration implied or a simple statistical summary.
22 Computer Processing Aids Spatial
Neighborhood Analysis (GW, October 2005) — discusses
procedures for calculating slope and profile from an elevation surface (DEM).
…current online link T26, select “Analyzing Terrain-based Neighborhoods”
23 Milking Spatial Context Information (GW, November 2005) — describes a
procedure for deriving a customer density surface identifying relative
concentrations of customers throughout a project area.
…current online
link T26, select “Milking Spatial
Context”
24 Spatially Aggregated Reporting: The
Probability Is Good
(GW,
January 2006) — discusses
techniques for smoothing “salt and pepper” results and deriving probability
surfaces from aggregated incident records.
…current online link T26, select “The Probability is Good”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to calculating and
using neighborhood summary operations.
-
Extended Neighborhood Techniques — three references describing customer
density analysis and extended techniques for weight-averaging filters using
decay functions.
-
Micro-Terrain Analysis
— seven references describing
techniques for characterizing concave/convex features, localized variation and
terrain roughness, as well as discussion of terrain slope and its effect on
surface area calculations.
-
Landscape Analysis Techniques — four references describing
techniques for calculating nearby-neighbor statistics, core area/edge,
fragmentation and other landscape structure indices.
-
Landscape Structure Application Examples — three references containing
annotated examples for assessing cover type diversity, characterizing
narrowness and delineating/summarizing core area of landscape parcels.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 6.1
Calculating Slope — in
this exercise you will calculate and visually compare several different maps
characterizing terrain steepness (slope).
Exercise 6.2
Calculating Aspect — this exercise demonstrates calculating maps
indicating terrain orientation (aspect).
Exercise 6.3 Solar Siting Model — this
exercise implements a simple solar siting model that isolates locations with
suitable terrain steepness and orientation for passive solar collection.
Exercise 6.4
Characterizing Micro-terrain Conditions — this exercise
demonstrates techniques for identifying convex/concave terrain features and
assessing terrain roughness.
Exercise 6.5
Calculating Diversity — this exercise investigates
cover type diversity as a function of territorial movement (reach).
Exercise 6.6
Calculating Density — this exercise uses a series of commands to
identify locations of high housing density that are near roads and on dry land.
___________________________
Topic 7.
Basic Spatial Modeling Approaches — Spatial Modeling
involves “thinking with maps” to solve a problem by deriving a solution map
through a logical series of map analysis operations applied to base maps in a
manner analogous to a cooking recipe.
This section describes a progression of models that demonstrate the
procedures and considerations in deriving areas of suitable wildlife habitat.
25 Suitability Models Find the Good, the Bad
and the Hugag (GW, July 2004) — develops a simple
Binary suitability model for characterizing wildlife habitat preferences.
…current online link T23, select “A Simple Habitat Model”
26 Mapping
Techniques Rate Hugag Habitat Suitability (GW,
August 2004)
— expands
discussion to Binary Progression and Rating suitability models that contain
more information about relative habitat preferences and interactions.
…current online
link T23, select “Rating Habitat
Suitability”
27 Logic and Extent Elevate Suitability Models
to New Levels
(GW, October 2004) — extends
the discussion of the Rating Suitability model to include additional habitat
considerations and criteria weighting.
…current online
link T23, select “Extending Suitability Models”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to spatial modeling
approaches, procedures and applications.
-
Geo-Business Application Examples — three references containing
annotated examples for assessing customer access and store competition
analysis.
-
Wildfire Application Examples — two references containing annotated
examples for modeling wildfire response and risk and a feature article
describing an extensive project modeling wildfire risk for the southern
states..
-
Precision Agriculture Application Examples — five references containing annotated
examples for generating yield maps, summarizing sub-field areas, generating
similarity maps and assessing temporal and localized variation effects.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
Exercise 7.1
Binary Habitat Models — in
this exercise you will generate maps of suitable and unsuitable habitat areas
based on terrain conditions (slope, aspect and elevation) and then combine the
maps two ways to identify overall Binary and Ranking suitability for the
project area.
Exercise 7.2 Basic Suitability Model — this
exercise demonstrates the use of a continuous Rating approach to create a more
robust suitability map on a scale from 0= unsuitable to 1= poor through 9=
excellent habitat.
Exercise 7.3
Extended Suitability Model — this exercise extends the
Hugag Habitat Suitability model to another locale, then adds additional
criteria (Forest, Roads and Water), weighting of the relative importance of the
criteria and comparison of the impacts of the model extensions.
Exercise 7.4 Campground Suitability Model — this
exercise implements a stored command script for locating the best areas for a
campground then weights the relative importance of the criteria and compares
the results.
Exercise 7.5
Landslide Susceptibility Model — this exercise
implements a stored command script for assessing the general landslide
susceptibility then extends the analysis to just the uphill locations from
roads and summarizes the susceptibility for administrative districts.
___________________________
Topic 8.
Spatial Modeling Example — Successful spatial models require
the integration human judgment and analytical processing. This section describes the spatial reasoning
and processing considerations surrounding a routing model that considers preferences
for a variety of map criteria in determining the best path and optimal corridor
for a proposed power line.
28 A
Three-Step Process Identifies Preferred Routes (GW, July
2003) — describes
the basic steps used in Least Cost Path analysis for determining the optimal
routing considering a single criterion.
…current online link T19, select “Identifying the
Most Preferred Route”
39 Consider
Multiple Criteria when Routing (GW, August 2003) — expands
discussion by considering multiple siting criteria for an overall
“cost/avoidance” map and establishing optimal path corridors.
…current online link T19, select “Considering
Multi-Criteria in Routing”
30 A Recipe for Calibrating and Weighting
…current online link T19, select “Calibrating and
Weighting GIS Model Criteria”
31 Think with Maps to Evaluate Alternative
Routes
(GW, October 2003) — describes
procedures for comparing routes in terms of overall and site-specific “costs”
for alternative routes generated by different routing scenarios.
…current online link T19, select “Evaluating Alternative
Routes”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to routing and
optimal path analysis.
-
Infusing Stakeholder Input into Routing — two references describing procedures
for integrating stakeholder input in calibrating and weighting model criteria
used in deriving alternative routes.
-
Extended Routing Techniques — three references describing
procedures for straightening and centering optimal paths and identifying
optimal path networks connecting disperse points.
-
Extended Accumulation Analysis Techniques — four references describing
procedures for constructing and analyzing accumulation surfaces, as well as
deriving the Nth best and stepped paths.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
___________________________
Topic 9.
Basic Techniques in Spatial Statistics — Spatial Statistics
utilizes information about the spatial arrangement inherent in a data set to help
explain variation and is based on the assumption that “nearby things are more
alike than distant things.” This section
focuses on surface modeling techniques used to generate and evaluate the
geographic distribution implied by a set of discrete point samples.
32
…current online link T8, select “GIS Data Are Rarely Normal”
33 The
Average is Hard to Find (GW, May 2006) — introduces the fundamental concepts
involved in generating continuous geographic distributions from point sampled
data.
…current
online link T2, select “The
Average is Hardly Anywhere”
34 Under
the Hood of Spatial Interpolation (GW, June 2006)
— discusses the underlying assumptions
and approaches used in Inverse Distance and Kriging spatial interpolation
techniques.
…current
online link T2, select “Under
the Hood of Spatial Interpolation”
35
Justifiable Interpolation (GW, February 1997) —
describes a procedure using Residual Analysis for evaluating spatial
interpolation results.
…current online link T2, select “Justifiable
Interpolation”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to surface modeling
and spatial interpolation.
-
Modeling Error Propagation
— two references describing procedures
utilizing “shadow maps of error” in assessing certainty of spatial coincidence
and generating “normalized error surfaces” for visualizing the geographic
distribution of error.
-
Point Sampling Considerations — two references discussing the
concepts and considerations in point sampling design, as well as the relative
advantages of different sampling patterns.
-
Advanced Concepts in Spatial Dependency — seven references discussing advanced
concepts in spatial dependency to include assessing spatial autocorrelation,
the effects of different spatial arrangements of point samples, generating maps
of spatial dependency and incorporating direction as well as distance in
deriving spatial autocorrelation.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
___________________________
Topic 10. Spatial Data Mining — Spatial Data Mining investigates the relationships within and among
mapped data to characterize, compare, segment and map-ematically model spatial
dependency. This section focuses on
basic techniques for comparing maps, assessing similarity and clustering as
means to understand and utilize spatial relationships in decision-making.
36 Statistically Compare Discrete Maps (GW, July
2006) —
describes a procedure using a Coincidence Summary Table to quantitatively
compare the similarity between the spatial patterns of two discrete maps.
…current online link T16, select “Comparing Discrete Maps”
37 Comparing Continuous Map Surfaces (GW,
September 2006) —
describes a procedure for generating and summarizing the difference between the
geographic distributions of two continuous map surfaces.
…current online link T16, select “Comparing Continuous Map Surfaces”
38 Geographic
Software Removes Guesswork from Map Comparisons (GW, October
2001) —
describes a procedure using Data Distance to identify the relative similarity
of the data pattern for a specified location to the data patterns of all other
locations within a map stack of data.
…current online link T16, select “Calculating Map
Similarity”
39 Use Similarity to Identify Data Zones (GW, November 2001) —
describes a procedure combining numerical and geographic distributions to identify
areas that are statistically unusual within a map stack of data.
…current online link T16, select “Identifying Data Zones”
40 Use
Statistics to Map Data Clusters (GW, December 2001) — describes a procedure using standard
Clustering techniques to identify areas having similar data patterns within a
map stack of data.
…current online link T16, select “Mapping Data Clusters”
41 Spatial
Data Mining Down on the Farm (GW, August 2006) — describes
the basic steps in Precision Agriculture for site-specific crop management and
extends the discussion to a general Spatial Data Mining Process that addresses
mapped data analysis applications in other fields.
…current online link T16, select “Spatial Data Mining Down on the Farm”
Further
Reading (companion CD)
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to spatial data
mining.
-
Underlying Spatial Data Mining Concepts — four references discussing the
linkages between geographic space and data space used in characterizing data
patterns and their spatial arrangement.
-
Precision Agriculture Applications — three references describing the application of spatial data mining for
production increases, cost savings, improved stewardship and environmental
benefits.
-
Geo-Business Applications
— three references discussing the
application of spatial data mining in assessing retail sales and predictive
modeling.
-
Advanced Map Comparison
Techniques — three references describing extended
map comparison techniques for discrete maps and continuous map surfaces.
-
Approaches Used in Deriving
Prediction Maps — three references describing basic concepts and procedures used
in deriving equations for generating and evaluating predictive map surfaces
from a map stack of independent variables.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
___________________________
Epilog — GIS in general and map analysis in particular is radically changing
how we perceive and utilize maps. This
section discusses different GIS adoption paths, their driving factors and
impacts on the current and future dynamics within the GIS community.
42 Pathways to
43 A Multifaceted
Further
-
Keywords for Online Search — listing of several keywords that can
be used in online searches for additional material related to GIS community
characteristics and dynamics.
-
GIS Community Issues — two references discussing spatial reasoning
skills and the interaction between traditional science and spatial technology.
-
GIS Education Considerations — six references discussing how map analysis is
enlarging the traditional educational view of mapping, student concerns, career
paths and the relevance of grid-based map analysis in contemporary curricula.
Hands-on
Experience (companion CD)
___________________________
Appendix (companion
CD)
A.
Quick Set of Exercises — a
short set of exercises demonstrating several of the basic map analysis concepts
within a geo-business context.
-
Installing
MapCalc
-
Mapped
Data Visualization and Summary
-
Identifying
Unusual Areas
-
Identifying
Data Zones
-
Creating
Travel-Time Maps
-
Competition
Analysis
-
Additional
Tutorial Exercises
B.
Creating Your Own Grid Database — describes
procedures for creating a MapCalc database and exchanging data with a variety
of other systems.
-
Creating
Your Own Database (Empty Map Set)
-
Importing
Vector Data via Add New Layers
-
Importing
Grid Data via the File Tool
-
Importing
Grid Data via the Map Analysis Tool
-
Exporting
Grid Data via Map Analysis Tool
-
Exporting
Grid Data via File Tool
-
Seamless Data
Exchange with Surfer
-
Seamless Data
Exchange with MapInfo
___________________________
Resources (companion
CD)
1. Companion CD — Description of support material
and links to Further Reading, Hands-on Experience, Text Figures, and Companion Software contained on the
companion CD.
Text Figures — this item contains full color PowerPoint slide sets of
all of the figures in the book.
Permission to copy for educational use is granted. Reference figures as “Figure x-xx from Map
Analysis, Berry, 2006.”
Further Reading — this item accesses additional online
reading noted at the end of each Topic in the Map Analysis book. There are nearly 100 further reading links
organized by Topics to related Beyond Mapping columns, GeoWorld feature
articles and GeoTec papers.
Hands-on Exercises — this item links to the detailed and
annotated instructions for hands-on exercises noted at the end of each Topic in
the Map Analysis book. The exercises use
the MapCalc Learner and Surfer Demo companion software provided (see below for
installation instructions).
Example
Applications — this item accesses several annotated descriptions and example
applications of grid-based map analysis.
Click on any of the links in the listing to access the examples. All of the example applications were
developed using MapCalc Learner and can be replicated using the tutorial
database identified with each example.
Appendix — Appendix A, Quick Set of Exercises, contains an overview set of exercises
covering the basic display and analytical operations. Appendix B, Creating Your Own MapCalc Database, describes procedures for
configuring a new MapCalc database and data import/export procedures for
entering data and exchanging maps with other software systems (MapInfo,
ArcView, Arc Grid, and Surfer).
Install MapCalc — this item installs the MapCalc Learner software contained on
the CD. Enter the Serial Number and
Release Code with the book to register the software. Links to general tutorials
and a .pdf file of the MapCalc manual are provided. See Instructor
CD description (below) for more information on fully licensed MapCalc
Academic and Professional systems.
Install Surfer — this item installs the Surfer Demo software contained on the
CD. Software registration is not
required. The evaluation program is a nearly a full
function system (lacks printer/plotter output support). A link to general tutorials
is provided. See Instructor CD
description (below) for more information on fully licensed Surfer system.
Download SnagIt — this item downloads the optional SnagIt Evaluation software for advanced
screen capture capabilities (must be connected to the Internet). Once you have downloaded the install file,
close all open programs, run the install file and follow the on-screen
instructions. The program, sample data
and support materials require approximately 40MB free disk space to
install. The evaluation program will
expire in 30 days. You must purchase and
register to continue to use (recommended).
See Instructor CD description
(below) for more information on fully licensed SnagIt system.
2. Additional Online Materials — Description of other materials
available online.
Author’s Website at www.innovativegis.com/basis contains links to a wide array of
additional materials on grid-based map analysis and modeling.
Online Books and Materials include—
Map Analysis by Joseph K. Berry is a compilation of Beyond Mapping columns appearing in
GeoWorld magazine from 1996 to present (some
items translated en
Español).
Map Analysis Workshop
Materials by Joseph K. Berry contain all of the materials (PowerPoint, Software, Exercises) needed
for a 4 hour (real-time demos) session or an 8 hour (hands-on lab) session.
GIS Modeling Course by Joseph K. Berry contains all of the supporting
materials (PowerPoint, Software, Exercises, Exams, Projects) needed for a
Junior/Senior/Grad college course.
Online Papers by Joseph K. Berry contains links to
numerous online articles and other major papers.
Example Applications is a set of annotated example applications that illustrate
map analysis capabilities and GIS modeling.
Hardcopy Books include—
Analyzing Geospatial Resource
Data by J. K. Berry (2005) is a
workbook in spatial analysis and data
mining as applied to natural resources management containing companion
software, databases and exercises (US$45).
Analyzing Geo-Business Data by J. K. Berry (2003) is a workbook in spatial analysis and data mining as applied to real
estate and retail applications containing companion software, databases and
exercises (US$45).
Analyzing Precision Ag Data by J. K. Berry (2002) is a workbook in spatial analysis and data mining as applied to crop
production containing companion software, databases and exercises (US$45).
Spatial
Reasoning by J. K. Berry (Wiley,
1995) is a compilation of Beyond Mapping columns appearing in GeoWorld October
1993 to August 1996 exploring the
basic concepts of map analysis and emerging issues as
Beyond Mapping by J. K.
Berry (Wiley, 1993) is a compilation of Beyond Mapping columns
appearing in GeoWorld march 1989 to September 1993 investigating the concepts,
algorithms and issues in
Map Analysis Book
Website at ??? <to be determined>
GeoPlace Website at www.geoplace.com contains <to be completed>
3. Instructor CD — Description of the optional
instructor CD containing a comprehensive set of instructional materials
supporting a variety of workshops and courses including syllabus, PowerPoint
lectures, exercises, databases, and study/exam questions and answers.
General_ppt — this item accesses several miscellaneous PowerPoint
presentations on Map Analysis and GIS Modeling for a variety of forums.
GM_course — this item accesses Instructional materials supporting
an upper-division ten-week semester course in Map Analysis and GIS Modeling
including lecture PowerPoints, exams, readings,
projects and exercises using MapCalc Learner and Surfer Demo software.
GM_workshop — this item accesses instructional materials supporting
a one-day workshop in Map Analysis and GIS Modeling including lecture
PowerPoints, workbook material and optional hands-on exercises using MapCalc
Learner and Surfer Demo software.
MA_seminar — this item accesses instructional materials for a
two-hour seminar in Map Analysis including lecture PowerPoints, general notes
and real-time demos using MapCalc Learner software.
The instructional materials reflect the circumstances of
their original presentations. You are
encouraged to reorganize, edit and integrate the materials with our own
resources as appropriate for your class offering. Much of the material was developed and
originally presented at the University of Denver and the author greatly
appreciates the opportunity to serve as the Keck Scholar in Geosciences for the
Department of Geography. Without this
intellectually stimulating atmosphere these materials would not have been
compiled.
These Educational Materials for Instructors include
several sets of resources developed by Joseph K. Berry (© Joseph K. Berry,
1990-2006). You are free to use the
materials for educational purposes. If
you use copies of the materials for professional presentations and papers,
please reference as “(After Berry)” within any graphics and cite in the
references section as “Berry, J. K., 2006. Educational Materials for
Instructors, Instructor’s CD with the book Map Analysis published by
GeoTec Media.”
As appropriate, cite the MapCalc software as “MapCalcTM
Learner and Academic software, www.farmgis.com, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA”
and the Surfer Tutorial software as “SurferTM Tutorial software,
www.goldensoftware.com, Golden, Colorado, USA.”
The educational materials are constantly being revised and
you are encouraged to periodically visit www.innovativegis.com/basis
for more information and current status.
Questions and comments on contents concerning the educational materials
should be directed to jberry@innovativegis.com.
The Instructor’s CD is available for US$45 plus shipping and
handling charges. Contact the author at jberry@innovativegis.com to order.
The MapCalc Learner, Surfer Demo and SnagIt Evaluation
software are licensed for single individual use and cannot be installed in a
multi-seat computer lab environment nor used for funded research or commercial
use. The licensing terms and current
2006 pricing for academic and professional versions of the software are identified
in the table below.
|
|
Individual |
Multi-seat Academic License |
Full License |
|
MapCalcTM Red Hen Farming Systems |
MapCalc Learner software provided with the Map
Analysis book companion CD has a two-week evaluation period. A release code
for extended personal educational use is provided. The Learner version has full analytical
functionality but is constrained to 100x100 analysis grid and does not
contain projection or other spatial handling modules. Free Eval US$21.95 |
MapCalc Academic is intended for a multi-seat lab
use (up to 20 seats) and licensed for educational use only and not for funded
research or commercial use. The
analysis grid is not constrained and projection or other spatial handling
modules are included. The Instructor’s CD is bundled with the
academic version. US$495.00 |
MapCalc Professional is a single-seat version licensed
for funded research and commercial use.
The analysis grid is not constrained and projection or other spatial
handling modules are included. US$695 Multi-seat pricing
available |
|
SurferTM Golden Software |
Surfer Demo provided with the Map Analysis
book companion CD has an unlimited evaluation period. The Demo version has full analytical
functionality but limited output and file saving. Free Demo US$599.00 |
Multi-seat
licensing for educational institutions is available—contact Golden Software |
Fully
licensed single-seat version licensed for individual, funded research and
commercial use. US$599.00 Multi-seat pricing
available |
|
SnagItTM TechSmith |
SnagIt
Evaluation download link provided with the Map Analysis book companion CD has
a 30-day evaluation period. The Eval
version has full functionality. Free Eval US$39.00 (academic) US$21.95 |
Multi-seat
licensing for educational institutions is available—contact TechSmith |
Fully
licensed single-seat version licensed for individual, funded research and
commercial use. US$39.00 Multi-seat pricing
available |
___________________________
Index